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The White Lion was a privateer ship of English manufacture that brought the first Africans to Virginia in late August 1619, a year before the Mayflower.[1] Though the Africans were initially sold as indentured servants, it is regarded as the origin of enslaved Africans in English colonies in mainland North America.[2]There had been slavery among Native Americans in the United States since before Europeans arrived, which continued with capture and purchase of Native Americans for work in mainland colonies and export to the Caribbean.[3][4]African slaves had earlier arrived on the current Georgia or Carolina coast in 1526 with Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón[5][6][7] though they escaped,[5][8] and in Florida in 1539 with Hernando de Soto, and in the 1565 founding of St. Augustine, Florida.[7][8]
The slaves on the White Lion were probably among the thousands who had been captured in 1618-1619 by a force largely of Africans, under nominal Portuguese leadership, making war[9][10]on Ndongo in modern Angola. These particular slaves were taken on the Portuguese slave ship São João Bautista from Luanda, Angola, capital of the then-Portuguese colony.[10]The White Lion, along with the Treasurer, commanded by Daniel Elfrith, intercepted the São João Bautista on its way to modern-day Veracruz on the Gulf coast of Mexico.[1] The two ships captured and divided part of the Portuguese ship's human cargo, under the aegis of Dutch letters of marque from Maurice, Prince of Orange.[1]White Lion captain John Colyn Jope then sailed for Virginia to sell the slave cargo, first landing in Point Comfort, in modern-day Hampton Roads.[1]
As John Rolfe, secretary of the colony of Virginia, wrote to Virginia Company of London treasurer Edwin Sandys:
About the latter end of August, a Dutch man of Warr of the burden of a 160 tunnes arrived at Point-Comfort, the Comandors name Capt Jope, his Pilott for the West Indies one Mr Marmaduke an Englishman. They mett with the Treasurer in the West Indyes, and determined to hold consort shipp hetherward, but in their passage lost one the other. He brought not any thing but 20. and odd Negroes, which the Governor and Cape Marchant bought for victualls (whereof he was in greate need as he pretended) at the best and easyest rates they could.[11] 200 free games.
After being sold off the White Lion, two of the slaves, Isabella and Anthony, married and had a child in 1624. William Tucker, as they named him after a local planter, was the first recorded Black child born in English America.[12]
See also[edit]
- Clotilda, the last known ship to bring slaves to America.
References[edit]
- ^ abcdMcCartney, Martha (8 October 2019). 'Virginia's First Africans'. Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- ^Fanto Deetz, Dr. Kelley (13 August 2019). '400 years ago, enslaved Africans first arrived in Virginia'. National Geographic. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- ^Lauber, Almon Wheeler (1913). 'Enslavement by the Indians Themselves, Chapter 1 in Indian Slavery in Colonial Times Within the Present Limits of the United States'. Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law. Columbia University. 53 (3): 25–48.
- ^Gallay, Alan (2009). 'Introduction: Indian Slavery in Historical Context'. In Gallay, Alan (ed.). Indian Slavery in Colonial America. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–32. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
- ^ abCameron, Guy, and Stephen Vermette; Vermette, Stephen (2012). 'The Role of Extreme Cold in the Failure of the San Miguel de Gualdape Colony'. The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 96 (3): 291–307. ISSN0016-8297. JSTOR23622193.
- ^Parker, Susan (2019-08-24). ''1619 Project' ignores fact that slaves were present in Florida decades before'. St. Augustine Record. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
- ^ abFrancis, J. Michael, Gary Mormino and Rachel Sanderson (2019-08-29). 'Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten century' of 1492-1619'. Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
- ^ abTorres-Spelliscy, Ciara; Law, a fellow at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of; Br, the author of 'Political; s.' (2019-08-23). 'Perspective - Everyone is talking about 1619. But that's not actually when slavery in America started'. Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
- ^Painter, Nell Irvin. (2006). Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN0-19-513755-8. OCLC57722517.
- ^ abThornton, John (July 1998). 'The African Experience of the '20. and Odd Negroes' Arriving in Virginia in 1619'. The William and Mary Quarterly. 3rd. 55 (3): 421–434. doi:10.2307/2674531. JSTOR2674531.
- ^Kingsbury, Susan Myra, ed. (1933). The Records of the Virginia Company of London, Volume 3. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 243.
- ^Bennett, Jr., Lerone (1962). Before the Mayflower: A History of the Negro in America, 1619-1962 (2017 ed.). BN Publishing. p. 30. ISBN978-1-68411-534-1.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_White_Lion&oldid=970786167'
White Lion discography | |
---|---|
Studio albums | 6 |
Live albums | 2 |
Compilation albums | 4 |
Video albums | 5 |
Music videos | 12 |
Singles | 21 |
Box sets | 1 |
The following is a comprehensive discography of White Lion, an American/Danish-based hard rock band, consists of five studio albums, a live album, four compilation albums, 19 singles, and 5 video albums. This list does not include solo material or sideprojects performed by the members.
White Lion was formed in New York City in 1983 by Danish vocalist Mike Tramp and American guitarist Vito Bratta. Mainly active in the 1980s and early 1990s, releasing their debut album Fight to Survive in 1985. The band achieved success with their #8 hit 'Wait' and #3 hit 'When the Children Cry' from their second album, the double platinum selling Pride.[1] The band continued their success with their third album, Big Game which achieved Gold status and their fourth album Mane Attraction Free casino slots with no download. which included a supporting tour. White Lion disbanded in 1992 and not long after their first compilation album, The Best of White Lion was released.
Tramp reformed White Lion with all new musicians in 1999 and again following a failed attempt to reform the original line up and several legal issues in 2004. The new White Lion released a live album in 2005 and a brand new studio album Return of the Pride in 2008.
Studio albums[edit]
Year | Title | Peak chart positions | Sales | Certifications | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | CAN [2] | GER [3] | NOR [4] | SWE [5] | SWI [6] | UK [7] | ||||
1985 | Fight to Survive
| 151 | – | – | – | – | – | 72 | ||
1987 | Pride
| 11 | 44 | – | – | 30 | – | 51 |
| |
1989 | Big Game
| 19 | 28 | 38 | 14 | 13 | 16 | 47 |
| |
1991 | Mane Attraction
| 61 | – | 35 | – | 23 | 11 | 31 |
| |
1999 | Remembering White Lion
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
2008 | Return of the Pride
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Live albums[edit]
Year | Title | Peak chart positions | Certifications (sales thresholds) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
USA | CAN | |||
2005 | Rocking the USA
| – | – | |
2007 | Live Extended Versions
| – | – |
Compilations[edit]
Year | Title | Peak chart positions | Sales | |
---|---|---|---|---|
USA | CAN | |||
1992 | The Best of White Lion
| – | – |
|
2000 | White Lion Hits
| – | – | |
2006 | Anthology 83-89
| – | – | |
2007 | The Definitive Rock Collection
| – | – |
Box sets[edit]
Year | Title |
---|---|
2004 | The Bootleg Series
|
Singles[edit]
Year | Song | Peak chart positions | Album | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA MR | CAN [11] | SWE [12] | UK[13] | ||||
1985 | 'Broken Heart' | – | – | – | – | – | Fight to Survive |
1986 | 'El Salvador' | – | – | – | – | – | |
1987 | 'Wait' | 8 | 18 | 48 | – | 88 | Pride |
1988 | 'Tell Me' | 58 | 25 | – | – | – | |
'When the Children Cry' | 3 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 88 | ||
'All You Need is Rock 'N' Roll' | – | – | – | – | – | ||
'Don't Give Up (Promo)' | – | – | – | – | – | ||
1989 | 'Little Fighter' | 52 | 12 | 65 | – | – | Big Game |
'Radar Love' | 59 | – | – | – | – | ||
1990 | 'Cry for Freedom' | – | – | – | – | 47 | |
'Goin' Home Tonight' | – | – | – | – | – | ||
1991 | 'Love Don't Come Easy' | – | 24 | – | – | – | Mane Attraction |
'Broken Heart '91' | – | – | – | 31 | – | ||
'Lights and Thunder' | – | – | – | – | 95 | ||
'Out with the Boys' | – | – | – | – | – | ||
1992 | 'You're All I Need' (promo) | – | – | – | – | – | |
1999 | 'When the Children Cry '99' | – | – | – | – | – | Remembering White Lion |
2005 | 'Wait (Live)' | – | – | – | – | – | Rocking the USA |
'When the Children Cry (Live)' | – | – | – | – | – | ||
2008 | 'Dream' | – | – | – | – | – | Return of the Pride |
'Live Your Life' | – | – | – | – | – |
![Lion Lion](https://www.belloflostsouls.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/alpha-legion-dice.jpg)
Videos[edit]
Year | Title | Description |
---|---|---|
1988 | Live at the Ritz
| Concert filmed at the Ritz in New York City, NY. Also released on CD. |
1988 | One Night in Tokyo
| Concert filmed in Tokyo, Japan. |
1992 | Escape from Brooklyn
| Music videos, behind the scenes footage and interviews with band members. |
2005 | Concert Anthology: 1987–1991
| Collection of concerts from 1987 to 1991. (The best of Live at the Ritz and One Night in Tokyo) Re-released in 2010 with a bonus CD. Caesars demo slots. |
2008 | Bang Your Head Festival 2005
| Prefomance at the 2005 Bang Your Head Festival in Germany. |
White Lion Slot Machine Wilds
Music videos[edit]
Lion Slot Machine
Year | Title |
---|---|
1985 | 'Broken Heart' |
1988 | 'Wait' |
'Tell Me' | |
'When the Children Cry' | |
1989 | 'Little Fighter' |
'Radar Love' | |
1990 | 'Cry for Freedom' |
'Goin' Home Tonight' | |
1991 | 'Love Don't Come Easy' |
'Broken Heart '91' | |
1992 | 'Farewell to You' |
2005 | 'Lights and Thunder (Live video)' |
References[edit]
- ^'Allmusic (White Lion charts & awards)'. All music.
- ^Canadian album chart
- ^[1]
- ^Norwegian album chart
- ^Swedish album chart
- ^Swiss album chart
- ^British album chart
- ^RIAA Certifications
- ^CRIA CertificationsArchived 2010-05-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ab'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^Canadian singles chart
- ^Swedish singles chart
- ^British singles chart
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lion_discography&oldid=963350648'